Adenle, A.A., C. Stevens, and P. Bridgewater. 2015. Global conservation and management of biodiversity in developing countries: An opportunity for a new approach. Environmental Science & Policy 45:104–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.10.002.
Allen, A.P., and J.F. Gillooly. 2006. Assessing latitudinal gradients in speciation rates and biodiversity at the global scale. Ecology Letters 9(8):947–954, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00946.x.
Alroy, J. 2010. Geographical, environmental and intrinsic biotic controls on Phanerozoic marine diversification. Palaeontology 53(6):1,211–1,235, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01011.x.
Anderson, M.J., and J. Santana-Garcon. 2015. Measures of precision for dissimilarity-based multivariate analysis of ecological communities. Ecology Letters 18(1):66–73, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12385.
Barnes, D.K.A. 2017. Marine colonization and biodiversity at Ascension Island and remote islands. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97(4):771–782, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315415001526.
Barnosky, A.D., N. Matzke, S. Tomiya, G.O.U. Wogan, B. Swartz, T.B. Quental, C. Marshall, J.L. McGuire, E.L. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, and others. 2011. Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived? Nature 471:51–57, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09678.
Beninger, P.G., I. Boldina, and S. Katsanevakis. 2012. Strengthening statistical usage in marine ecology. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 426–427:97–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.05.020.
Brose, U., N.D. Martinez, and R.J. Williams. 2003. Estimating species richness: Sensitivity to sample coverage and insensitivity to spatial patterns. Ecology 84:2,364–2,377, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0558.
Brosnan, D.M. 1992. Ecology of tropical rocky shores: Plant-animal interactions in tropical and temperate latitudes. Pp. 101–131 in Plant-Animal Interactions in the Marine Benthos. D.M. John, S.J. Hawkins, and J.H. Price, eds, Oxford University Press, NY.
Brown, J.A., B.L. Robertson, and T. McDonald. 2015. Spatially balanced sampling: Application to environmental surveys. Pp. 6–9 in Procedia Environmental Sciences, vol. 27. A. Stein and D. Allards, eds, Special Issue on Spatial Statistics Conference 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.108.
Callaghan, C.T., A.G.B. Poore, R.E. Major, J.J.L. Rowley, and W.K. Cornwell. 2019. Optimizing future biodiversity sampling by citizen scientists. Proceedings, Biological Sciences 286(1912):20191487, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1487.
Camus, P.A. 2008. Diversidad, distribución y abundancia de especies en ensambles intermareales rocosos. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 43(3):615–627, https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-19572008000300021.
Canonico, G., P.L. Buttigieg, E. Montes, F.E. Muller-Karger, C. Stepien, D. Wright, A. Benson, B. Helmuth, M. Costello, I. Sousa-Pinto, and others. 2019. Global observational needs and resources for marine biodiversity. Frontiers in Marine Science 6:367, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00367.
Caughlan, L., and K.L. Oakley. 2001. Cost considerations for long-term ecological monitoring. Ecological Indicators 1(2):123–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(01)00015-2.
Chao, A., and L. Jost. 2012. Coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation: Standardizing samples by completeness rather than size. Ecology 93(12):2,533–2,547, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1952.1.
Chase, J.M., B.J. McGill, P.L. Thompson, L.H. Antão, A.E. Bates, S.A. Blowes, M. Dornelas, A. Gonzalez, A.E. Magurran, S.R. Supp, and others. 2019. Species richness change across spatial scales. Oikos 128(8):1,079–1,091, https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.05968.
Chaudhary, C., H. Saeedi, and M.J. Costello. 2016. Bimodality of latitudinal gradients in marine species richness. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 31(9):670–676, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.06.001.
Chiarucci, A., G. Bacaro, D. Rocchini, and L. Fattorini. 2008. Discovering and rediscovering the sample-based rarefaction formula in the ecological literature. Community Ecology 9(1):121–123, https://doi.org/10.1556/ComEc.9.2008.1.14.
Cornell, H.V., and S.P. Harrison. 2013. Regional effects as important determinants of local diversity in both marine and terrestrial systems. Oikos 122(2):288–297, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20691.x.
Coutinho, R. 1995. Avaliação crítica das causas da zonação dos organismos bentônicos em costões rochosos. Oecologia Brasiliensis 1:259–271.
Cruz-Motta, J.J., P. Miloslavich, E. Guerra-Castro, A. Hernández-Agreda, C. Herrera, F. Barros, S.A. Navarrete, R.D. Sepúlveda, T.M. Glasby, G. Bigatti, and others. 2020. Latitudinal patterns of species diversity on South American rocky shores: Local processes lead to contrasting trends in regional and local species diversity. Journal of Biogeography 47(9):1,066–1,979, https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13869.
Dornelas, M., N.J. Gotelli, B. McGill, H. Shimadzu, F. Moyes, C. Sievers, and A.E. Magurran. 2014. Assemblage time series reveal biodiversity change but not systematic loss. Science 344:296–299, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248484.
Duffy, J.E., L.A. Amaral-Zettler, D.G. Fautin, G. Paulay, T.A. Rynearson, H.M. Sosik, and J.J. Stachowicz. 2013. Envisioning a marine biodiversity observation network. BioScience 63(5):350–361, https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2013.63.5.8.
Edgar, G.J., S. Banks, J.M. Fariña, M. Calvopiña, and C. Martínez. 2004. Regional biogeography of shallow reef fish and macro-invertebrate communities in the Galápagos Archipelago. Journal of Biogeography 31(7):1,107–1,124, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01055.x.
Edgar, G.J., T.J. Alexander, J.S. Lefcheck, A.E. Bates, S.J. Kininmonth, R.J. Thomson, J.E. Duffy, M.J. Costello, and R.D. Stuart-Smith. 2017. Abundance and local-scale processes contribute to multi-phyla gradients in global marine diversity. Science Advances 3(10):e1700419, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700419.
Giam, X., C.J.A. Bradshaw, H.T.W. Tan, and N.S. Sodhi. 2010. Future habitat loss and the conservation of plant biodiversity. Biological Conservation 143(7):1,594–1,602, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.019.
Gillman, L.N., S.D. Wright, J. Cusens, P.D. McBride, Y. Malhi, and R.J. Whittaker. 2015. Latitude, productivity and species richness. Global Ecology and Biogeography 24(1):107–117, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12245.
Gelin, A., V. Gravez, and G.J. Edgar. 2003. Assessment of Jessica oil spill impacts on intertidal invertebrate communities. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:1,377–1,384, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00368-0.
Guerra-Castro, E.J., J.C. Cajas, N. Simões, J.J. Cruz-Motta, and M. Mascaró. 2021. SSP: An R package to estimate sampling effort in studies of ecological communities. Ecography 44:561–573, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05284.
Hessler, R., and H.L. Sanders. 1967. Faunal diversity in the deep-sea. Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts 14(1):65–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(67)90029-0.
Hoffmann, S., L. Steiner, A.H. Schweiger, A. Chiarucci, and C. Beierkuhnlein. 2019. Optimizing sampling effort and information content of biodiversity surveys: A case study of alpine grassland. Ecological Informatics 51:112–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2019.03.003.
Hsieh, T.C., K.H. Ma, and A. Chao. 2016. iNEXT: An R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill Numbers). Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7(12):1,451–1,456, https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12613.
Kim, K.C., and L.B. Byrne. 2006. Biodiversity loss and the taxonomic bottleneck: Emerging biodiversity science. Ecological Research 21(6):794, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0035-7.
Lengyel, S., B. Kosztyi, D.S. Schmeller, P.-Y. Henry, M. Kotarac, Y.-P. Lin, and K. Henle. 2018. Evaluating and benchmarking biodiversity monitoring: Metadata-based indicators for sampling design, sampling effort and data analysis. Ecological Indicators 85:624–633, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.11.012.
Lõhmus, A., P. Lõhmus, and K. Runnel. 2018. A simple survey protocol for assessing terrestrial biodiversity in a broad range of ecosystems. PLoS ONE 13(12):e0208535, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208535.
Magurran, A.E. 2003. Measuring Biological Diversity, 1st ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA, 266 pp.
Miloslavich, P., J.M. Díaz, E. Klein, J.J. Alvarado, C. Díaz, J. Gobin, E. Escobar-Briones, J.J. Cruz-Motta, E. Weil, J. Cortés, and others. 2010. Marine biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional estimates and distribution patterns. PLoS ONE 5(8):e11916, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011916.
Miloslavich, P., E. Klein, J.M. Díaz, C.E. Hernández, G. Bigatti, L. Campos, F. Artigas, J. Castillo, P.E. Penchaszadeh, P.E. Neill, and others. 2011. Marine biodiversity in the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America: Knowledge and gaps. PLoS ONE 6(1):e14631, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014631.
Mittelbach, G.G., D.W. Schemske, H.V. Cornell, A.P. Allen, J.M. Brown, M.B. Bush, S.P. Harrison, A.H. Hurlbert, N. Knowlton, H.A. Lessios, and others. 2007. Evolution and the latitudinal diversity gradient: Speciation, extinction and biogeography. Ecology Letters 10(4):315–331, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01020.x.
Mohriak, W. 2020. Genesis and evolution of the South Atlantic volcanic islands offshore Brazil. Geo-Marine Letters 40(1):1–33, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-019-00631-w.
Muller-Karger, F., M.T. Kavanaugh, E. Montes, W.M. Balch, M. Breitbart, F.P. Chavez, S.C. Doney, E.M. Johns, R.M. Letelier, M.W. Lomas, and others. 2014. A framework for a marine biodiversity observing network within changing continental shelf seascapes. Oceanography 27(2):18–23, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.56.
Palacios, D.M. 2004. Seasonal patterns of sea-surface temperature and ocean color around the Galápagos: Regional and local influences. Deep Sea Research Part II 51(1–3):43–57, part of a special issue on Views of Ocean Processes from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Mission: Volume 1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.08.001.
Pearlman, J., M. Bushnell, L. Coppola, J. Karstensen, P.L. Buttigieg, F. Pearlman, P. Simpson, M. Barbier, F.E. Muller-Karger, C. Munoz-Mas, and others. 2019. Evolving and sustaining ocean best practices and standards for the next decade. Frontiers in Marine Science 6:277, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00277.
Quimbayo, J.P., M.S. Dias, M. Kulbicki, T.C. Mendes, R.W. Lamb, A.F. Johnson, O. Aburto-Oropeza, J.J. Alvarado, A.A. Bocos, C.E.L. Ferreira, and others. 2019. Determinants of reef fish assemblages in tropical oceanic islands. Ecography 42(1):77–87, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03506.
Rilov, G., N. David, T. Guy-Haim, D. Golomb, R. Arav, and S. Filin. 2021. Sea level rise can severely reduce biodiversity and community net production on rocky shores. Science of the Total Environment 791:148377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148377.
Rosenzweig, M.L. 1995. Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge Core, Cambridge University Press, 460 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623387.
SARCE (South American Research Group on Coastal Ecosystems). 2012. Protocol and Sampling Design for Marine Diversity for the South American Research Group on Coastal Ecosystems. South American Research Group on Coastal Ecosystems, Caracas Venezuela, 12 pp., https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-5.
Shimadzu, H. 2018. On species richness and rarefaction: Size- and coverage-based techniques quantify different characteristics of richness change in biodiversity. Journal of Mathematical Biology 77(5):1,363–1,381, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-018-1255-5.
Simberloff, D. 1978. Use of rarefaction and related methods in ecology. Pp. 150–165 in Biological Data in Water Pollution Assessment: Quantitative and Statistical Analyses. K. Dickson, J. Cairns, and R. Livingston, eds, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP35663S.
Simkin, T. 1984. Geology of Galápagos. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 21(1–2):61–75, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb02053.x.
Spalding, M.D., H.E. Fox, G.R. Allen, N. Davidson, Z.A. Ferdaña, M. Finlayson, B.S. Halpern, M.A. Jorge, A. Lombana, S.A. Lourie, and others. 2007. Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57(7):573–583, https://doi.org/10.1641/B570707.
Stuart-Smith, R.D., A.E. Bates, J.S. Lefcheck, J.E. Duffy, S.C. Baker, R.J. Thomson, J.F. Stuart-Smith, N.A. Hill, S.J. Kininmonth, L. Airoldi, and others. 2013. Integrating abundance and functional traits reveals new global hotspots of fish diversity. Nature 501(7468):539–542, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12529.
Titley, M.A., J.L. Snaddon, and E.C. Turner. 2017. Scientific research on animal biodiversity is systematically biased towards vertebrates and temperate regions. PLoS ONE 12(12):e0189577, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189577.
Turner, W.R., and E. Tjørve. 2005. Scale-dependence in species-area relationships. Ecography 28(6):721–730, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04273.x.
Underwood, A.J. 1996. Experiments in Ecology: Their Logical Design and Interpretation Using Analysis of Variance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 524 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511806407.
Weitzman, B., B. Konar, K. Iken, H. Coletti, D. Monson, R. Suryan, T. Dean, D. Hondolero, and M. Lindeberg. 2021. Changes in rocky intertidal community structure during a marine heatwave in the northern Gulf of Alaska. Frontiers in Marine Science 8:115, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.556820.