The 1988 Black Sea Oceanographic Expedition was conducted on the R/V Knorr during four months of the spring and summer of 1988. This expedition consisted of five cruises organized by U.S. and Turkish scientists to study all major aspects of the oceanography of this unique anoxic environment. One of the most interesting new results was that unexpected changes had occurred in the oxic/anoxic interface.

Murray, J.W., and E. Izdar. 1989. The 1988 Black Sea Oceanographic Expedition: Overview and new discoveries. Oceanography 2(1):15–21, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1989.25.

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