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Seamounts are fascinating natural ocean laboratories that inform us about fundamental planetary and ocean processes, ocean ecology and fisheries, and hazards and metal resources. The more than 100,000 large seamounts are a defining structure of global ocean topography and biogeography, and hundreds of thousands of smaller ones are distributed throughout every ocean on Earth. Seamounts can be like oases, isolating some ocean species, or like stepping stones, helping disperse others. Seamounts reveal the remarkable: deep-ocean erupting volcanoes, deep-sea hydrothermal vents hosting extraordinary microbes, and unusual ecosystems that thrive only in the deep and dark ocean.

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