Oceanography The Official Magazine of
The Oceanography Society
Volume 22 Issue 03

View Issue TOC
Volume 22, No. 3
Pages 80 - 95

OpenAccess

GODAE Systems in Operation

By Eric Dombrowsky , Laurent Bertino , Gary B. Brassington, Eric P. Chassignet , Fraser Davidson , Harley E. Hurlburt, Masafumi Kamachi , Tong Lee, Matthew J. Martin, Shan Mei |, and Marina Tonani  
Jump to
Article Abstract Citation References Copyright & Usage
Article Abstract

During the last 15 years, operational oceanography systems have been developed in several countries around the world. These developments have been fostered primarily by the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE), which coordinated these activities, encouraged partnerships, and facilitated constructive competition. This multinational coordination has been very beneficial for the development of operational oceanography. Today, several systems provide routine, real-time ocean analysis, forecast, and reanalysis products. These systems are based on (1) state-of-the-art Ocean General Circulation Model configurations, either global or regional (basin-scale), with resolutions that range from coarse to eddy-resolving, and (2) data assimilation techniques ranging from analysis correction to advanced three- or four-dimensional variational schemes. These systems assimilate altimeter sea level anomalies, sea surface temperature data, and in situ profiles of temperature and salinity, including Argo data. Some systems have implemented downscaling capacities, which consist of embedding higher-resolution local systems in global and basin-scale models (through open boundary exchange of data), especially in coastal regions, where small scale-phenomena are important, and also increasing the spatial resolution for these regional/coastal systems to be able to resolve smaller scales (so-called downscaling). Others have implemented coupling with the atmosphere and/or sea ice. This paper provides a short review of these operational GODAE systems.

Citation

Dombrowsky, E., L. Bertino, G.B. Brassington, E.P. Chassignet, F. Davidson, H.E. Hurlburt, M. Kamachi, T. Lee, M.J. Martin, S. Mei, and M. Tonani. 2009. GODAE systems in operation. Oceanography 22(3):80–95, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2009.68.

References
    Barron, C.N., A.B. Kara, P.J. Martin, R.C. Rhodes, and L.F. Smedstad. 2006. Formulation, implementation and examination of vertical coordinate choices in the global Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM). Ocean Modelling 11:347–375, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2005.01.004.
  1. Barron, C.N., and A.B. Kara. 2006. Satellite-based daily SSTs over the global ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L15603, doi:10.1029/2006GL026356.
  2. Barron, C.N., L.F. Smedstad, J.M. Dastugue, and O.M. Smedstad. 2007. Evaluation of ocean models using observed and simulated drifter trajectories: Impact of sea surface height on synthetic profiles for data assimilation. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, C07019, doi:10.1029/2006JC003982.
  3. Bell, M.J., R.M. Forbes, and A. Hines. 2000. Assessment of the FOAM global data assimilation system for real-time operational ocean forecasting. Journal of Marine Systems 25:1–22.
  4. Bertino, L., and K.A. Lisæter. 2008. The TOPAZ monitoring and prediction system for the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. Journal of Operational Oceanography 1:15–19.
  5. Bleck, R. 2002. An oceanic general circulation model framed in hybrid isopycnic-cartesian coordinates. Ocean Modelling 4:55–88.
  6. Brassington, G.B., T. Pugh, C. Spillman, E. Schulz, H. Beggs, A. Schiller, and P.R. Oke. 2007. BLUElink> Development of operational oceanography and servicing in Australia. Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology 39:151–164
  7. Chassignet, E.P., H.E. Hurlburt, E.J. Metzger, O.M. Smedstad, J. Cummings, G.R. Halliwell, R. Bleck, R. Baraille, A.J. Wallcraft, C. Lozano, and others. 2009. US GODAE: Global Ocean Prediction with the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Oceanography 22(2):64–75.
  8. Counillon, F., and L. Bertino. 2009. High-resolution ensemble forecasting for the Gulf of Mexico eddies and fronts. Ocean Dynamics 59(1):83–95.
  9. Cummings, J.A. 2005. Operational multivariate ocean data assimilation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 131:3,583–3,604.
  10. Cummings, J., L. Bertino, P. Brasseur, I. Fukumori, M. Kamachi, M.J. Martin, K. Mogensen, P. Oke, C.E. Testut, J. Verron, and A. Weaver. 2009. Ocean data assimilation systems for GODAE. Oceanography 22(3):96–109.
  11. Dai, A., and K.E. Trenberth. 2003. New estimates of continental discharge and oceanic freshwater transport. Paper presented at the Symposium on Observing and Understanding the Variability of Water in Weather and Climate, February 9–13, 2003, Long Beach, CA.
  12. Dobricic, S., and N. Pinardi. 2008. An oceanographic three-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme. Ocean Modelling 22 (3):89–105.
  13. Evensen, G. 2006. Data Assimilation: The Ensemble Kalman Filter. Springer, 280 pp.
  14. Fichefet, T., and M.A. Morales Maqueda. 1997. Sensitivity of a global sea ice model to the treatment of ice thermodynamics and dynamics. Journal of Geophysical Research 102:12,609–12,646.
  15. Fox, D.N., W.J. Teague, C.N. Barron, M.R. Carnes, and C.M. Lee. 2002. The Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS). Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 19:240–252.
  16. Fujii, Y., and M. Kamachi. 2003a. Three-dimensional analysis of temperature and salinity in the equatorial Pacific using a variational method with vertical coupled temperature-salinity EOF modes. Journal of Geophysical Research 108(C9), 3297, doi:10.1029/2002JC001745.
  17. Fujii, Y, and M. Kamachi. 2003b. A reconstruction of observed profiles in the sea east of Japan using vertical coupled temperature-salinity EOF modes. Journal of Oceanography 59:173–186.
  18. Fujii, Y. 2005. Preconditioned optimizing utility for large-dimensional analyses (POpULar). Journal of Oceanography 61:167–181.
  19. Fukumori, I. 2002. A partitioned Kalman filter and smoother. Monthly Weather Review 130:1,370–1,383.
  20. Giraud, S., S. Baudel, E. Dombrowsky, and P. Bahurel. 1997. The SOPRANE project: Real-time monitoring of the North-East Atlantic—ocean circulation nowcast/forecast for oceanographic scientific campaigns. In Proceedings of the International Symposium: Monitoring the Oceans in the 2000s: An Integrated Approach. October 15–17, 1997. Biarritz, France, CNES, Toulouse, France.
  21. Griffies, S.M., M.J. Harrison, R.C. Pacanowski, and A. Rosati. 2004. A technical guide to MOM4 GFDL Ocean Group. Technical Report No. 5, NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 339 pp.
  22. Halkides, D., and T. Lee. 2009. Mechanisms controlling seasonal-to-interannual mixed-layer temperature variability in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 114, C02012, doi:10.1029/2008JC004949.
  23. Hellerman, S., and M. Rosenstein. 1983. Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates. Journal of Physical Oceanography 13:1,093–1,104.
  24. Hernandez, F., L. Bertino, G. Brassington, E. Chassignet, J. Cummings, F. Davidson, M. Drévillon, G. Garric, M. Kamachi, J.-M. Lellouche, and others. 2009. Validation and intercomparison studies within GODAE. Oceanography 22(3):128–143.
  25. Hurlburt, H.E., D.N. Fox, and E.J. Metzger. 1990. Statistical inference of weakly correlated subthermocline fields from satellite altimeter data. Journal of Geophysical Research 95(C7):11,375–11,409.
  26. Hurlburt, H.E., E.P. Chassignet, J.A. Cummings, A.B. Kara, E.J. Metzger, J.F. Shriver, O.M. Smedstad, A.J. Wallcraft, C.N. Barron. 2008. Eddy-resolving global ocean prediction. Pp. 353–381 in Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime. Geophysical Monograph 177, M. Hecht and H. Hasumi, eds, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
  27. Hurlburt, H.E., G.B. Brassington, Y. Drillet, M. Kamachi, M. Benkiran, R. Bourdallé-Badie, E.P. Chassignet, G.A. Jacobs, O. Le Galloudec, J.-M. Lellouche, and others. 2009. High-resolution global and basin-scale ocean analyses and forecasts. Oceanography 22(3):110–127.
  28. Imawaki, S., H. Uchida, H. Ichikawa, M. Fukasawa, S. Umatani, and the ASUKA group. 2001. Satellite altimeter monitoring the Kuroshio transport south of Japan. Geophysical Research Letters 28:17–20.
  29. Keghouche, I., L. Bertino, and K.A. Lisæter. 2009. Parameterization of an iceberg drift model in the Barrents Sea. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, doi:10.1175/2009JTECHO678.1.
  30. Lee, T., and I. Fukumori. 2003. Interannual to decadal variation of tropical-subtropical exchange in the Pacific Ocean: Boundary versus interior pycnocline transports. International Journal of Climatology 16:4,022–4,042.
  31. Le Provost, C. 2002. GODAE Internal Metrics for Model Performance Evaluation and Intercomparison. CNRS/LEGOS, ed, Toulouse, France, 12 pp.
  32. Levitus, S. 1982. Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean. Technical report, NOAA Prof. Pap. No. 13, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 173 pp.
  33. Madec, G. 2008. NEMO Ocean Engine. Report, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), France, No. 27 ISSN No 1288-1619, 197 pp.
  34. Madec, G., and M. Imbard. 1996. A global ocean mesh to overcome the North Pole singularity. Climate Dynamics 12:381–388.
  35. Martin, M.J., A. Hines, and M.J. Bell. 2007. Data assimilation in the FOAM operational short-range ocean forecasting system: A description of the scheme and its impact. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 133:981–995.
  36. Metzger, E.J., O.M. Smedstad, P. Thoppil, H.E. Hurlburt, A.J. Wallcraft, D.S. Franklin, J.F. Shriver, and L.F. Smedstad. 2008. Validation Test Report for the Global Ocean Predictions System V3.0 - 1/12° HYCOM/NCODA: Phase I. NRL Memorandum Report, NRL/MR/7320-08-9148, 88 pp.
  37. Oke, P.R., G.B. Brassington, D.A. Griffin, and A. Schiller. 2008. The Bluelink ocean data assimilation system (BODAS). Ocean Modelling 21(1–2):46–70.
  38. Oke, P.R., M.A. Balmaseda, M. Benkiran, J.A. Cummings, E. Dombrowsky, Y. Fujii, S. Guinehut, G. Larnicol, P.-Y. Le Traon, and M.J. Martin. 2009. Observing system evaluations using GODAE systems. Oceanography 22(3):144–153.
  39. Pham, D.T., J. Verron, and M.C. Roubaud. 1998. A singular evolutive extended Kalman filter for data assimilation in oceanography. Journal of Marine Systems 16(3–4):323–340.
  40. Pinardi, N., I. Allen, E. Demirov, P. De Mey, G. Korres, A. Lascaratos, P.-Y. Le Traon, C. Maillard, G. Manzella, and C. Tziavos. 2003. The Mediterranean ocean forecasting system: First phase of implementation (1998–2001). Annales Geophysicae 21:3–20 c.
  41. Purser, R.J., W.-S. Wu, D.F. Parrish, and N.M. Roberts. 2003a. Numerical aspects of the application of recursive filters to variational statistical analysis. Part I: Spatially homogeneous and isotropic Gaussian covariances. Monthly Weather Review 131:1,524–1,535.
  42. Purser, R.J., W.-S. Wu, D.F. Parrish, and N.M. Roberts. 2003b. Numerical aspects of the application of recursive filters to variational statistical analysis. Part II: Spatially inhomogeneous and anisotropic general covariances. Monthly Weather Review 131:1,536–1,548.
  43. Rhodes, R.C., H.E. Hurlburt, A.J. Wallcraft, C.N. Barron, P.J. Martin, O.M. Smedstad, S.L. Cross, E.J. Metzger, J.F. Shriver, A.B. Kara, and D.S. Ko. 2002. Navy real-time global modeling systems. Oceanography 15(1):29–43.
  44. Schiller, A., P.R. Oke, G.B. Brassington, M. Entel, R. Fiedler, D.A. Griffin, and J. Mansbridge. 2008. Eddy-resolving ocean circulation in the Asian-Australian region inferred from an ocean reanalysis effort. Progress in Oceanography 76:334–365.
  45. Seaman, R., W. Bourke, P. Steinle, T. Hart, G. Embery, M. Naughton, and L. Rikus. 1995. Evolution of the Bureau of Meteorology’s global assimilation and prediction system. Part 1: Analyses and initialization. Australian Meteorological Magazine 44:1–18.
  46. Shriver, J.F., H.E. Hurlburt, O.M. Smedstad, A.J. Wallcraft, and R.C. Rhodes. 2007. 1/32° real-time global ocean prediction and value-added over 1/16° resolution. Journal of Marine Systems 65:3–26.
  47. Smedstad, O.M., H.E. Hurlburt, E.J. Metzger, R.C. Rhodes, J.F. Shriver, A.J. Wallcraft, and A.B. Kara. 2003. An operational eddy-resolving 1/16° global ocean nowcast/forecast system. Journal of Marine Systems 40–41:341–361.
  48. Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, R. Giering, C. Eckert, P. Heimbach, J. Marotzke, A. Adcroft, C.N. Hill, and J. Marshall. 2003. Volume, heat, and freshwater transports of the global ocean circulation 1993–2000, estimated from a general circulation model constrained by World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) data. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (C1), 3007, doi:10.1029/2001JC001115.
  49. Tonani, M., N. Pinardi, S. Dobricic, I. Pujol, and C. Fratianni. 2008. A high resolution free surface model on the Mediterranean Sea. Ocean Science 4:1–14.
  50. Tranchant, B., C.E. Testut, L. Renault, N. Ferry, E. Obligis, C. Boone, and G. Larnicol. 2008. Data assimilation of simulated SSS SMOS products in an ocean forecasting system. Journal of Operational Oceanography 2008(2):19–27(9).
  51. Troccoli, A., and P. Kallberg. 2004. Precipitation Correction in the ERA-40 Reanalysis. ERA-40 Project Report Series, ECMWF, Reading, UK.
  52. Usui, N., S. Ishizaki, Y. Fujii, H. Tsujino, T. Yasuda, and M. Kamachi. 2006. Meteorological Research Institute Multivariate Ocean Variational Estimation (MOVE) System: Some early results. Advances in Space Research 37:806–822.
  53. Van Woert, M.L., C.-Z. Zou, W.N. Meier, P.D. Hovey, R.H. Preller, and P.G. Posey. 2004. Forecast verification of the Polar Ice Prediction System (PIPS) sea ice concentration fields. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 21:944–957.
  54. Wallcraft, A.J., A.B. Kara, H.E. Hurlburt, and P.A. Rochford. 2003. The NRL Layered Ocean Model (NLOM) with an embedded mixed layer sub-model: Formulation and tuning. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 20:1,601–1,615.
  55. Wunsch, C. and P. Heimbach. 2007. Practical global oceanic state estimation. Physica D-Nonlinear Phenomena 230:197–208.
  56. Wunsch, C., P. Heimbach, R.M. Ponte, I. Fukumori, and the ECCO-GODAE Consortium Members. 2009. The global general circulation of the ocean estimated by the ECCO-Consortium. Oceanography 22(2):88–103.
  57. Yan, C.X., J. Zhu, R.F. Li, and G.Q. Zhou. 2004. Roles of vertical correlation of background error and T-S relations in estimation temperature and salinity profiles from sea surface dynamic height. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, C08010, doi:10.1029/2003JC002224,2004.
  58. Zhang, R.-H., and M. Endoh. 1992. A free surface general circulation model for the tropical Pacific Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 97(C7):11,237–11,255.
  59. Zhu, J., and C.X. Yan. 2006. Nonlinear balance constraints in 3DVAR data assimilation. Science in China Series D 49(3):331–336. Available online at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/g42n17264866/?p=f225c9eb3d5c4f4cb21e172ae05123bc&pi=43
Copyright & Usage

This is an open access article made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format as long as users cite the materials appropriately, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate the changes that were made to the original content. Images, animations, videos, or other third-party material used in articles are included in the Creative Commons license unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If the material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission directly from the license holder to reproduce the material.