The 20-year US GLOBEC (Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics) program examined zooplankton populations and their predators in four coastal marine ecosystems. Program scientists learned that environmental controls on zooplankton vital rates, especially the timing and magnitude of reproduction, growth, life-cycle progression, and mortality, determine species population dynamics, seasonal and spatial distributions, and abundances. Improved knowledge of spatial-temporal abundance and distribution of individual zooplankton taxa coupled with new information linking higher trophic level predators (salmon, cod, haddock, penguins, seals) to their prey yielded mechanistic descriptions of how climate variation impacts regionally important marine resources. Coupled ecological models driven by improved regional-scale climate scenario models developed during GLOBEC enable forecasts of plausible future conditions in coastal ecosystems, and will aid and inform decision makers and communities as they assess, respond, and adapt to the effects of environmental change. Multi-region synthesis revealed that conditions in winter, before upwelling, or seasonal stratification, or ice melt (depending on region) had significant and important effects that primed the systems for greater zooplankton population abundance and productivity the following spring-summer, with effects that propagated to higher trophic levels.

Batchelder, H.P., K.L. Daly, C.S. Davis, R. Ji, M.D. Ohman, W.T. Peterson, and J.A. Runge. 2013. Climate impacts on zooplankton population dynamics in coastal marine ecosystems. Oceanography 26(4):34–51, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.74.

26-4_batchelder_supplement.xls (257 KB Microsoft Excel file)
This supplement provides tables and references for more comprehensive identification of zooplankton publications resulting from US GLOBEC.

Aksnes, D.L., C.B. Miller, M.D. Ohman, and S.N. Wood. 1997. Estimation techniques used in studies of copepod population dynamics: A review of underlying assumptions. Sarsia 82:279–296.
1. Aksnes, D.L., and M.D. Ohman. 1996. A vertical life table approach to zooplankton mortality estimation. Limnology and Oceanography 41:1,461–1,469.
2. Armstrong, J.L., J.L. Boldt, A.D. Cross, J.H. Moss, N.D. Davis, K.W. Myers, R.V. Walker, D.A. Beauchamp, and L.J. Haldorson. 2005. Distribution, size, and interannual, seasonal and diel food habits of northern Gulf of Alaska juvenile pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. Deep Sea Research Part II 52:247–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.019.
3. Armstrong, J.L., K.W. Myers, D.A. Beauchamp, N.D. Davis, R.V. Walker, J.L. Boldt, J.J. Piccolo, L.J. Haldorson, and J.H. Moss. 2008. Interannual and spatial feeding patterns of hatchery and wild juvenile pink salmon in the Gulf of Alaska in years of low and high survival. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137:1,299–1,316, https://doi.org/10.1577/T07-196.1.
4. Ashjian, C.J., G.A. Rosenwaks, P.H. Wiebe, C.S. Davis, S.M. Gallager, N.J. Copley, G.L. Lawson, and P. Alatalo. 2004. Distribution of zooplankton on the continental shelf off Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula, during austral fall and winter, 2001. Deep Sea Research Part II 51:2,073–2,098, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.07.025.
5. Bakun, A., 2006. Fronts and eddies as key structures in the habitat of marine fish larvae: Opportunity, adaptive response and competitive advantage. Scientia Marina 70:105–122, https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2006.70s2105.
6. Ballerini, T., E.E. Hofmann, D.G. Ainley, K. Daly, M. Marrari, C.A. Ribic, W.O. Smith Jr., and J.H. Steele. In press. Productivity and linkages of the food web of the southern region of the western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf. Progress in Oceanography, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.11.007.
7. Barth, J.A., and P.A. Wheeler. 2005. Introduction to special section: Coastal Advances in Shelf Transport. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, C10S01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003124.
8. Batchelder, H.P., J.A. Barth, P.M. Kosro, P.T. Strub, R.D. Brodeur, W.T. Peterson, C.T. Tynan, M.D. Ohman, L.W. Bostford, T.M. Powell, and others. 2002. The GLOBEC Northeast Pacific California Current System Program. Oceanography 15(2):36–47, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2002.20.
9. Beamish, R.J., and C. Mahnken. 2001. A critical size and period hypothesis to explain natural regulation of salmon abundance and the linkage to climate and climate change. Progress in Oceanography 49:423–437, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00034-9.
10. Beardsley, R.C., A.W. Epstein, C. Chen, K.F. Wishner, M.C. Macaulay, and R.D. Kenney. 1996. Spatial variability in zooplankton abundance near feeding right whales in the Great South Channel. Deep Sea Research Part II 43:1,601–1,625, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(96)00050-1.
11. Beaugrand, G., K.M. Brander, J.A. Lindley, S. Souissi, and P.C. Reid. 2003. Plankton effect on cod recruitment in the North Sea. Nature 426:661–664, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02164.
12. Benfield, M.C., C.S. Davis, P.H. Wiebe, S.M. Gallager, R.G. Lough, and N.J. Copley. 1996. Video Plankton Recorder estimates of copepod, pteropod and larvacean distributions from a stratified region of Georges Bank with comparative measurements from a MOCNESS sampler. Deep Sea Research Part II 43:1,925–1,945, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(96)00044-6.
13. Bi, H., W.T. Peterson, and P.T. Strub. 2011. Transport and coastal zooplankton communities in the northern California Current system. Geophysical Research Letters 38, L12607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047927.
14. Bigelow, H.B. 1926. Plankton of the Offshore Waters of the Gulf of Maine. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries, Doc. 968, Washington, DC, 486 pp, https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4192.
15. Black, B.A., I.D. Schroeder, W.J. Sydeman, S.J. Bograd, and P.W. Lawson. 2010. Wintertime ocean conditions synchronize rockfish growth and seabird reproduction in the central California Current ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67:1,149–1,158, https://doi.org/10.1139/F10-055.
16. Black, B.A., I.D. Schroeder, W.J. Sydeman, S.J. Bograd, B.K. Wells, and F.B. Schwing. 2011. Winter and summer upwelling modes and their biological importance in the California Current Ecosystem. Global Change Biology 17:2,536–2,545, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02422.x.
17. Block, B.A., I.D. Jonsen, S.J. Jorgensen, A.J. Winship, S.A. Shaffer, S.J. Bograd, E.L. Hazen, D.G. Foley, G.A. Breed, A.-L. Harrison, and others. 2011. Tracking apex marine predator movements in a dynamic ocean. Nature 475:86–90, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10082.
18. Boldt, J.L., and L.J. Haldorson. 2003. Seasonal and geographic variation in juvenile pink salmon diets in the Northern Gulf of Alaska and Prince William Sound. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132:1,035–1,052, https://doi.org/10.1577/T02-091.
19. Broughton, E.A., and R.G. Lough. 2010. General trends and interannual variability in prey selection by larval cod and haddock from the southern flank of Georges Bank, May 1993–1999. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-217. US Department of Commerce, 32 pp.
20. Buckley, L.J., and E.G. Durbin. 2006. Seasonal and interannual trends in the zooplankton prey and growth rate of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae on Georges Bank. Deep Sea Research Part II 53:2,758–2,770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.08.009.
21. Castonguay, M., S. Plourde, D. Robert, J.A. Runge, and L. Fortier. 2008. Copepod production drives recruitment in a marine fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65:1,528–1,531, https://doi.org/10.1139/F08-126.
22. Caswell, H., 2001. Matrix Population Models: Construction, Analysis, and Interpretation, 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, MA.
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24. Chhak, K.C., E. Di Lorenzo, N. Schneider, and P.F. Cummins. 2009. Forcing of low-frequency ocean variability in the Northeast Pacific. Journal of Climate 22:1,255–1,276, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2639.1.
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27. Coyle, K.O., and A.I. Pinchuk. 2005. Seasonal cross-shelf distribution of major zooplankton taxa on the northern Gulf of Alaska shelf relative to water mass properties, species depth preferences and vertical migration behavior. Deep Sea Research Part II 52:217–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.025.
28. Cross, A.D., D.A. Beauchamp, J.H. Moss, and K.W. Myers. 2009. Interannual variability in early marine growth, size-selective mortality, and marine survival for Prince William Sound pink salmon. Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science 1:57–70, https://doi.org/10.1577/C08-005.1.
29. Cross, A.D., D.A. Beauchamp, K.W. Myers, and J.H. Moss. 2008. Early marine growth of pink salmon in Prince William Sound and the coastal Gulf of Alaska during years of low and high survival. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137:927–939, https://doi.org/10.1577/T07-015.1.
30. Curchitser, E.N., H.P. Batchelder, D.B. Haidvogel, J. Fiechter, and J. Runge. 2013. Advances in physical, biological, and coupled ocean models during the US GLOBEC program. Oceanography 26(4):52–67, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.75.
31. Dagg, M., S. Strom, and H. Liu. 2009. High feeding rates on large particles by Neocalanus flemingeri and N. plumchrus, and consequences for phytoplankton community structure in the subarctic Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part I 56:716–726, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.012.
32. Daly, K.L. 2004. Overwintering growth and development of larval Euphausia superba: An interannual comparison under varying environmental conditions west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Deep Sea Research Part II 51:2,139–2,168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.07.010.
33. Davis, C.S., F.T. Thwaites, S.M. Gallager, and Q. Hu. 2005. A three-axis fast-tow digital Video Plankton Recorder for rapid surveys of plankton taxa and hydrography. Limnology and Oceanography Methods 3:59–74, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2005.3.59.
34. Deibel, D., and K.L. Daly. 2007. Zooplankton processes in Arctic and Antarctic polynyas. Pp. 271–322 in Polynyas: Windows to the World. Elsevier Oceanography Series, vol. 74, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0422-9894(06)74009-0.
35. Di Lorenzo, E., D. Mountain, H.P. Batchelder, N. Bond, and E.E. Hofmann. 2013. Advances in marine ecosystem dynamics from US GLOBEC: The horizontal-advection bottom-up forcing paradigm. Oceanography 26(4):22–33, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.73.
36. Dorman, J.G., T.M. Powell, W.J. Sydeman, and S.J. Bograd. 2011. Advection and starvation cause krill (Euphausia pacifica) decreases in 2005 Northern California coastal populations: Implications from a model study. Geophysical Research Letters 38, L04605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046245.
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