Observation of aquatic animals in their natural environments remains a major challenge in both biological oceanography and limnology. Critical processes in feeding, reproduction, growth, and predation in small zooplankton occur at scales from fractions of millimeters up to scales that match the ambits of individuals. It is often difficult to reproduce all essential features of the marine environment in the lab, where observation of small-scale processes is more tractable than at sea. Therefore there is continuing interest in improving our ability to observe and quantify in situ spatial and temporal changes in the distribution and abundance of zooplankton in relation to natural physical, chemical, and other biological fields.

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